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{{Infobox writer | name = Dame Agatha Christie<br /><small>[[Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire|DBE]]</small> | image = | imagesize = | caption = | pseudonym = Mary Westmacott | birth_name = Agatha Mary Clarissa Miller | birth_date = {{Birth date|1890|9|15|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Torquay]], Devon, England | death_date = {{Death date and age|1976|1|12|1890|9|15|df=y}} | death_place = [[Wallingford, Oxfordshire|Wallingford]], Oxfordshire, England | occupation = Novelist/Short story writer/Playwright/Poet | nationality = British | genre = [[Murder mystery]], [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]], [[Crime fiction]], [[Detective fiction|Detective]], [[Romance novel|Romances]] | movement = [[Golden Age of Detective Fiction]] | spouse = Archibald Christie (1914–1928)<br />[[Max Mallowan]] (1930–1976; her death) | children = [[Rosalind Hicks]] (1919–2004) | influences = [[Edgar Allan Poe]], [[Anna Katherine Green]], Sir [[Arthur Conan Doyle]], [[G. K. Chesterton]] | influenced = | website = http://www.agathachristie.com | signature = Agatha Christie signature.png}} '''Dame Agatha Mary Clarissa Christie''', [[Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire|DBE]] (born '''Miller'''; 15 September 1890&nbsp;– 12 January 1976) was an English [[Crime fiction|crime writer]] of novels, short stories, and plays. She also wrote six [[romance novel|romances]] under the name '''Mary Westmacott''', but she is best remembered for the 66 detective novels and more than 15 short story collections she wrote under her own name, most of which revolve around the investigations of such characters as [[Hercule Poirot]], [[Miss Jane Marple]] and [[Tommy and Tuppence]]. She also wrote the world's longest-running play, ''[[The Mousetrap]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Mousetrap website|url=https://www.the-mousetrap.co.uk/online/default.asp|accessdate=24 December 2012}}</ref> Born to a wealthy upper-middle-class family in [[Torquay]], [[Devon]], Christie served in a hospital during the [[First World War]], before marrying and starting a family in London. Although initially unsuccessful at getting her work published, in 1920, [[The Bodley Head]] press published her novel ''[[The Mysterious Affair at Styles]]'', featuring the character of [[Hercule Poirot|Poirot]]. This launched her literary career. According to the ''[[Guinness World Records|Guinness Book of World Records]]'', Christie is the best-selling novelist of all time. Her novels have sold roughly 4 [[1,000,000,000 (number)|billion]] copies, and her [[Estate (law)|estate]] claims that her works rank third, after those of [[William Shakespeare]] and the [[Bible]], as the world's most-widely published books.<ref>{{Cite news|url= http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117776459.html?categoryid=3&cs=1 |title=Agatha Christie gets a clue for filmmakers|last=Flemming|first = Michael | date= 15 February 2000|publisher=Variety|accessdate=25 April 2010}}</ref> According to [[Index Translationum]], Christie is the most-translated individual author, and her books have been translated into at least 103 languages.<ref>{{Citation | title = [[Guinness World Records|Guinness Book of World Records]] | publisher = Sterling | year = 1976 | page = 210}}.</ref> ''[[And Then There Were None]]'' is Christie's best-selling novel with 100 million sales to date, making it the world's best-selling mystery ever, and one of the [[List of best-selling books|best-selling books]] of all time.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/21-best-selling-books-of-all-time.htm |title= 21 Best-Selling Books of All Time|last1 =Davies|first1 = Helen| first2 =Marjorie | last2 = Dorfman | first3 = Mary | last3 = Fons | first4 = Deborah | last4 = Hawkins | first5 = Martin | last5 = Hintz | first6 = Linnea | last6 = Lundgren | first7 = David | last7 = Priess | first8 = Julia Clark | last8 = Robinson | first9 = Paul | last9=Seaburn |displayauthors=15 | date=14 September 2007 | publisher = Editors of Publications International |accessdate=2009-03-25| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090407002704/http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/21-best-selling-books-of-all-time.htm| archivedate = 7 April 2009 | deadurl = no}}</ref> In 1971, she was made a [[Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire|Dame]] by Queen [[Elizabeth II]] at [[Buckingham Palace]].<ref>{{Citation | first = David Scott | last = Kastan | year = 2006 | title = The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature | volume = 1 | page = 467 | publisher = Oxford University Press}}.</ref> Christie's stage play ''[[The Mousetrap]]'' holds the record for the longest initial run: it opened at the [[Ambassadors Theatre]] in London on 25&nbsp;November 1952 and as of 2012 is still running after more than 25,000 performances.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/01/26/london-theater-journal-comfortably-mousetrapped/?src=dayp |title=London Theater Journal: Comfortably Mousetrapped |work=New York Times |date=26 January 2012 |accessdate=26 January 2012}}</ref> In 1955, Christie was the first recipient of the [[Mystery Writers of America]]'s highest honour, the [[MWA Grand Master Award|Grand Master Award]], and in the same year ''[[Witness for the Prosecution (play)|Witness for the Prosecution]]'' was given an [[Edgar Award]] by the MWA for Best Play. Many of her books and [[short story|short stories]] have been filmed, and many have been adapted for television, radio, video games and comics. == Life and career == ===Childhood: 1890–1910=== Agatha Mary Clarissa Christie was born on 15 September 1890 into a wealthy [[upper middle-class]] family in Ashfield, [[Torquay]], [[Devon]] in [[South West England]].{{Sfn | Morgan | 1984 | p = 1}} Christie's mother, Clara Boehmer was an Englishwoman who had been born in [[Belfast]], modern day [[Northern Ireland]], in 1854 to Captain Frederick Boehmer and Mary Ann West; the couple's only daughter, she had four brothers, one of whom died young. Captain Boehmer was killed in a riding accident while stationed on [[Jersey]] in April 1863, leaving Mary Ann to raise her children alone on a meagre income. Under financial strain, she sent Clara to live with her aunt Margaret Miller née West, who had married a wealthy American Nathaniel Frary Miller in 1863 and lived in Prinsted, West Sussex. Clara stayed with Margaret, and there she would meet her future husband, an American stockbroker named Frederick Alvah Miller, who was the son of Nathaniel.{{Sfn | Morgan | 1984 | pp = 2–4}} Frederick was a member of the small and wealthy American upper class, and had been sent to Europe to gain an education in Switzerland. Considered personable and friendly by those who knew him, he soon developed a romantic relationship with Clara, and they were married in April 1878.{{Sfn | Morgan | 1984 | pp = 4–5}} Their first child, Margaret "Madge" Frary Miller (1879–1950) was born in Torquay, where the couple were renting lodgings, while their second, Louis "Monty" Montant (1880–1929) was born in the U.S. state of [[New York]], where Frederick was on a business trip. Clara soon purchased a villa in Torquay, named "Ashfield", in which to raise her family, and it was here that her third and final child, Agatha, was born.{{Sfn | Morgan | 1984 | pp = 6–7}} Christie would describe her childhood as "very happy",{{Sfn | Mallowan | 1990 | p = 3}} and was surrounded by a series of strong and independent women from an early age.{{Sfn | Morgan | 1984 | p = 14}} Her time was spent alternating between her Devonshire home, her step grandmother/aunt's house in [[Ealing]], [[West End of London|West London]] and parts of Southern Europe, where her family would holiday during the winter.{{Sfn | Morgan | 1984 | pp = 15, 24}} Nominally Christian, she was also raised in a household with various [[esotericism|esoteric]] beliefs, and like her siblings believed that their mother Clara was a [[psychic]] with the ability of [[second sight]].{{Sfn | Morgan | 1984 | p = 13}} Her mother insisted that she receive a [[home education]], and so her parents were responsible for teaching her to read and write, and to be able to perform basic [[arithmetic]], a subject that she particularly enjoyed. They also taught her about music, and she learned to play both the [[piano]] and the [[mandolin]].{{Sfn | Morgan | 1984 | pp = 20–21}} A voracious reader from an early age, among her earliest memories were those of reading the children's books written by [[Mary Louisa Molesworth|Mrs Molesworth]], including ''The Adventures of Herr Baby'' (1881), ''Christmas Tree Land'' (1897) and ''The Magic Nuts'' (1898). She also read the work of [[Edith Nesbit]], including ''[[The Story of the Treasure Seekers]]'' (1899), ''[[The Phoenix and the Carpet]]'' (1903) and ''[[The Railway Children]]'' (1906). When a little older she moved on to reading the surreal verse of [[Edward Lear]] and [[Lewis Carroll]].{{Sfn | Morgan | 1984 | pp = 18–19}} Much of her childhood was spent largely alone and separate from other children, although she spent much time with her pets, whom she adored. Eventually making friends with a group of other girls in Torquay, she noted that "one of the highlights of my existence" was her appearance in a local theatrical production of ''[[The Yeomen of the Guard]]'' where she starred alongside them.{{Sfn | Morgan | 1984 | pp = 23–27}} Her father was often ill, suffering from a series of [[heart attack]]s, and in November 1901 he died, aged 55. His death left the family devastated, and in an uncertain economic situation. Clara and Agatha continued to live together in their Torquay home; Madge had moved to the nearby Cheadle Hall with her new husband and Monty had joined the army and been sent to South Africa to fight in the [[Boer War]]. Agatha would later claim that her father's death, occurring when she was 11 years old, marked the end of her childhood for her.{{Sfn | Morgan | 1984 | pp = 32–34}} In 1902, Agatha would be sent to receive a formal education at Miss Guyer's Girls School in Torquay, but found it difficult to adjust to the disciplined atmosphere. In 1905 she was then sent to the city of Paris, France, where she was educated in three ''pensions'' – Mademoiselle Cabernet's, Les Marroniers and then Miss Dryden's – the latter of which served primarily as a [[finishing school]].{{Sfn | Morgan | 1984 | pp. 22–23, 37}} ===Early literary attempts and the First World War: 1910–1919=== Returning to England in 1910, Agatha found her mother Clara ill. They holidayed in the warmer climate of [[Cairo]] in [[Egypt]], then a part of the [[British Empire]] and a popular tourist destination for wealthy Britons. Staying for three months at the Gezirah Palace Hotel, Agatha – always chaperoned by her mother – attended many social functions in search of a husband. Although visiting such ancient Egyptian monuments as the [[Great Pyramid of Giza]], she did not exhibit the great interest in archaeology and Egyptology prominent in her later years.<ref>[[#Mor84|Morgan 1984]]. pp. 40–41.</ref> Returning to Britain, she continued her social activities in search of a husband. Writing and performing in amateur theatrics, she helped put on a play called ''The Blue Beard of Unhappiness'' with female friends. Her writing extended to both poetry and music. Some early works saw publication, but she decided against focusing on either of these as future professions.<ref>[[#Mor84|Morgan 1984]]. pp. 45–46.</ref> While recovering in bed from illness, she penned her first short story "The House of Beauty", about 6000 words on the world of "madness and dreams", a subject of fascination. Later biographer Janet Morgan commented that despite "infelicities of style", the story was nevertheless "compelling".<ref>[[#Mor84|Morgan 1984]]. pp. 48–49.</ref> Other shorts followed, most illustrated her interest in spiritualism and the paranormal, including "The Call of Wings" and "The Little Lonely God". Under pseudonyms, various magazines rejected all her early submissions, although revised and published later, some under new titles.<ref>[[#Mor84|Morgan 1984]]. pp. 49–50.</ref> Christie then set her first novel, ''Snow Upon the Desert'', in Cairo, and drew from her recent experiences in the city. Under the pseudonym Monosyllaba, she was perturbed when various publishers all declined.<ref>[[#Mor84|Morgan 1984]]. pp. 50–51.</ref> Clara suggested that her daughter ask for advice from a family friend and neighbor, the successful writer [[Eden Philpotts]]. Philpotts obliged her enquiry, encouraged her writing, and sent her an introduction to his literary agent, Hughes Massie. However, he too rejected ''Snow Upon the Desert'', and suggested a second novel.<ref>[[#Mor84|Morgan 1984]]. pp. 51–52.</ref> <!--Clarify whether "he" refers to Philpotts or Massie--> Meanwhile, Christie continued searching for a husband, and had entered into short-lived relationships with four separate men, one engagement, before meeting Archibald "Archie" Christie (1889-1962)<ref>[http://www.poirot.us/archie.php Archie Christie]</ref> at a dance given by Lord and Lady Clifford of [[Chudleigh]], about 12 miles from Torquay. Archie had been born in India, the son of a judge in the [[Indian Civil Service]]. In England he joined the air force, stationed at Devon in 1912. The couple quickly fell in love. Upon learning he would be stationed in [[Farnborough Airfield|Farnborough]], Archie proposed marriage, and she accepted.<ref>[[#Mor84|Morgan 1984]]. pp. 54–63.</ref> 1914 saw the outbreak of [[World War I]], and Archie was sent to France to battle the German forces. Agatha also involved herself in the war effort, joining the [[Voluntary Aid Detachment]] (VAD) and attending to wounded soldiers at the hospital in Torquay. In this position, she was responsible for aiding the doctors and maintaining morale, performing 3,400 hours of unpaid work between October 1914 and December 1916. As a dispenser, she finally earned £16 yearly until the end of her service in September 1918. She met her fiancé Archie, in London during his leave at the end of 1914, and they married on the afternoon of [[Christmas Eve]]. They met throughout the war every time that he was posted home. Rising through the ranks, he was eventually stationed back to Britain in September 1918 as a colonel in the [[Air Ministry]]. They settled into a flat at 5 Northwick Terrace in [[St. John's Wood]], Northwest London.<ref>[[#Mor84|Morgan 1984]]. pp. 64–74.</ref> ===First novels: 1919–1923=== Christie had long been a fan of detective novels, having enjoyed [[Wilkie Collins]]' ''[[The Woman in White (novel)|The Woman in White]]'' and ''[[The Moonstone]]'' as well as [[Sir Arthur Conan Doyle]]'s early [[Sherlock Holmes]] stories. She wrote her own detective novel ''[[The Mysterious Affair at Styles]]'', featuring [[Hercule Poirot]]. A former Belgian police officer noted for his twirly large "magnificent moustaches" and egg-shaped head, he was a refugee to Britain after Germany invaded Belgium, inspired by real Belgian refugees in Torquay.<ref>[[#Mor84|Morgan 1984]]. pp. 75–79.</ref> The ''Styles'' manuscript was not accepted by such publishing companies as [[Hodder and Stoughton]] and [[Methuen Publishing|Methuen]]. [[John Lane (publisher)|John Lane]] at [[The Bodley Head]] kept the entry for several months, then accepted <i>if<i> she would change the ending. She duly did so, and signed a contract she later felt was exploitative.<ref>[[#Mor84|Morgan 1984]]. pp. 79, 81–82.</ref> Christie meanwhile settled into married life, giving birth to daughter [[Rosalind Hicks|Rosalind]] at Ashfield in August 1919, where the couple – having few friends in London – spent much of their time.<ref>[[#Mor84|Morgan 1984]]. p. 79.</ref> Having left the Air Force at the end of the war, Archie started in [[The City of London|the City]] financial sector at a relatively low salary, though still employed a maid.<ref>[[#Mor84|Morgan 1984]]. pp. 80–81.</ref> Christie's second novel, ''[[The Secret Adversary]]'' (1922), featured new detective couple [[Tommy and Tuppence]]. Again published by The Bodley Head, it earned her £50. A third novel again featured Poirot, ''[[Murder on the Links]]'' (1923), as did short stories commissioned by Bruce Ingram, editor of ''Sketch'' magazine.<ref>[[#Mor84|Morgan 1984]]. p. 83.</ref> In order to tour the world promoting the [[British Empire Exhibition]], the couple left their daughter Rosalind with Agatha's mother and sister. The pair traveled to South Africa, Australia, New Zealand and Hawaii.<ref>[[#Mor84|Morgan 1984]]. pp. 86–103.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2011/jul/29/agatha-christie-hercule-poirot-surfing-secret |title= Agatha Christie's surfing secret revealed |location= London |work= The Guardian |date= 29 July 2011 |accessdate= 30 July 2011}}</ref> They learned to surf prone in South Africa, then in [[Waikiki]] were among the first Britons to [[Surfing|surf]] standing up.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/8670354/Agatha-Christie-one-of-Britains-first-stand-up-surfers.html | title = Agatha Christie 'one of Britain's first stand-up surfers' |location=London |work=The Daily Telegraph |date= 29 July 2011 | accessdate = 30 July 2011}}</ref> ===Disappearance=== In late 1926, Christie's husband Archie asked for a divorce; he was in love with Nancy Neele. On 3 December 1926, the couple quarrelled, and Archie left their house Styles in [[Sunningdale]], Berkshire, to spend the weekend with his mistress at [[Godalming]], Surrey. That same evening, around 9.45 pm, Christie disappeared from her home, leaving behind a letter for her secretary saying that she was going to [[Yorkshire]]. Her car, a [[Morris Cowley]], was later found at [[Newlands Corner]], near [[Guildford]], with an expired driving licence and clothes.<ref name=USbio>{{cite web|title=U.S. Poirot site bio details, disappearance|url=http://www.poirot.us/disappear.php|accessdate=21 May 2013}}</ref> Her disappearance caused an outcry from the public. The Home Secretary, [[William Joynson-Hicks]], pressured police; a newspaper offered £100 reward. Over a thousand police officers, 15,000 volunteers and several aeroplanes scoured the rural landscape. [[Sir Arthur Conan Doyle]] even gave a [[mediumship|spirit medium]] one of Christie's gloves to find the missing woman. [[Dorothy L Sayers]] visited the house in Surrey, later using the scenario in her book ''[[Unnatural Death]]''.<ref name=Fugue>{{cite web|title=UK Guardian 2006 Disappearance by Andrew Norman|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2006/oct/15/books.booksnews|accessdate=21 May 2013}}</ref> Christie's disappearance featured on the front page of ''The New York Times''. Despite the extensive manhunt, she was not found for 10 days.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mrs Christie found in a Yorkshire spa; Missing Novelist, Under an Assumed Name, Was Staying at a Hotel There. Clue a newspaper picture. Mystery Writer Is Victim of Loss of Memory, Her Husband Declares. |newspaper=New York Times |date=15 December 1926 |url= http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60C17FE3C591B7A93C7A81789D95F428285F9&scp=4&sq=Agatha%20Christie%20Disappearance&st=cse | accessdate=16 September 2009}}</ref><ref Name="Mystery">{{Cite news |title=Christie's most famous mystery solved at last |newspaper=Guardian|date=15 October 2006 |url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2006/oct/15/books.booksnews | accessdate=17 March 2013}}</ref><ref Name="Harrogate">{{Cite news |title=Agatha Christie's Harrogate mystery |newspaper=BBC News|date=3 December 2009 |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/york/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_8393000/8393552.stm | accessdate=17 March 2013}}</ref><ref Name="Fugue">{{Cite news |title=Dissociative Fugue |newspaper=Psychology Today|date=17 March 2012 |url= http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/hide-and-seek/201203/dissociative-fugue-the-mystery-agatha-christie | accessdate=17 March 2013}}</ref> On 14 December 1926, Agatha Christie was found at the Swan Hydropathic Hotel (now the [[Old Swan Hotel]]{{Refn | group = "lower-alpha" | The Harrogate [[Hydrotherapy|Hydropathic]] hotel, now known as the Old Swan Hotel, on the site of an earlier Old Swan Hotel, or as the Swan Hydro, for the location on Swan Road.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.harrogate.gov.uk/pdf/History%20of%20Harrogate.pdf | place = [[United Kingdom|UK]] | format = [[PDF]] | title = A Brief History | publisher = Harrogate}}.</ref>}}) in [[Harrogate]], Yorkshire, registered as 'Mrs Teresa Neele' from [[Cape Town]]. Christie never explained her disappearance.<ref Name="Mystery"/> Although two doctors diagnosed her as suffering from [[psychogenic fugue]], opinion remains divided.<ref name=Fugue/> A [[nervous breakdown]] from a natural propensity for depression may have been exacerbated by her mother's death earlier that year and her husband's infidelity. Public reaction at the time was largely negative, supposing a [[publicity stunt]] or attempt to frame her husband for murder.<ref>{{Citation | last = Adams | first = Cecil | title = Why did mystery writer Agatha Christie mysteriously disappear? | newspaper = The Chicago Reader | date = 82-2-4 | url = http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/361/why-did-mystery-writer-agatha-christie-mysteriously-disappear | accessdate = 19 May 2008}}.</ref>{{Refn | group = "lower-alpha" | Christie herself hints at a nervous breakdown, saying to a woman with similar symptoms "I think you had better be very careful; it is probably the beginning of a nervous breakdown."<ref>{{Citation | last = Christie | title = Autobiography | page = 360}}.</ref>}} Author Jared Cade interviewed numerous witnesses and relatives for his sympathetic biography, ''Agatha Christie and the Missing Eleven Days'', revised 2011.<ref name=Cade>{{cite web|title=Jared Cade website|url=http://www.jaredcade.co.uk/quiz.htm|accessdate=21 May 2013}}</ref> He provided substantial evidence to suggest she planned the event to embarrass her husband, never supposing the resulting escalated melodrama.<ref>{{Citation | title = Agatha Christie and the Missing Eleven Days | first = Jared | last = Cade | publisher = Peter Owen | year = 1997 | isbn = 978-0-7206-1280-6}}.</ref> The 1979 [[Michael Apted]] film ''[[Agatha (film)|Agatha]]'' starring [[Vanessa Redgrave]], [[Dustin Hoffman]] and [[Timothy Dalton]] depicts Christie planning suicide, to frame her husband's mistress for her "murder". An American reporter, played by Hoffman, follows her closely and stops the plan. The Christies divorced in 1928, and Archie married his mistress, the secretary of their world tour. Agatha retained custody of daughter Rosalind, and the Christie name for her writing. During their marriage, she published six novels, a collection of short stories, and a number of short stories in magazines. ===Second marriage and later life=== In 1930, Christie married archaeologist [[Max Mallowan]] after joining him in an archaeological dig. Their marriage was always happy, continuing until Christie's death in 1976.<ref name=thompson /> Max introduced her to wine, which she never enjoyed, preferring to drink water in restaurants. She tried unsuccessfully to make herself like cigarettes by smoking one after lunch and one after dinner every day for six months.<ref>{{Citation | last = Christie | title = [[Come Tell Me How You Live]] | chapter = 2 | pages = 45–46 | year = 1983 | isbn = 0-370-30563-9}}.</ref> Christie frequently used settings which were familiar to her for her stories. Christie's travels with Mallowan contributed background to several of her novels set in the Middle East. Other novels (such as ''[[And Then There Were None]]'') were set in and around [[Torquay]], where she was born. Christie's 1934 novel ''[[Murder on the Orient Express]]'' was written in the [[Pera Palace Hotel]] in Istanbul, Turkey, the southern terminus of the railway. The hotel maintains Christie's room as a memorial to the author.<ref>{{Citation | publisher = Virtual globe trotting | first = J | last = Bottero | title = Agatha Christie's Hotel Pera Palace | url = http://virtualglobetrotting.com/map/51232/ | date = 5 June 2008<!-- 23:08:11-->}}.</ref> The [[Greenway Estate]] in Devon, acquired by the couple as a summer residence in 1938, is now in the care of the [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]]. Christie often stayed at [[Abney Hall]] in Cheshire, owned by her brother-in-law, James Watts, basing at least two stories there: short story "[[The Adventure of the Christmas Pudding]]", in the story collection of the same name, and the novel ''[[After the Funeral]]''. "Abney became Agatha's greatest inspiration for country-house life, with all the servants and grandeur which have been woven into her plots. The descriptions of the fictional Chimneys, Stoneygates, and other houses in her stories are mostly Abney in various forms."<ref>{{Citation | title= Agatha Christie: A Reader's Companion | first1 = Vanessa | last1 = Wagstaff | first2 = Stephen | last2 = Poole | publisher = Aurum Press | year = 2004 | page = 14 | isbn = 1-84513-015-4}}.</ref> During the Second World War, Christie worked in the pharmacy at [[University College Hospital]], London, where she acquired a knowledge of poisons that she put to good use in her post-war crime novels. For example, the use of [[thallium]] as a poison was suggested to her by UCH Chief Pharmacist Harold Davis (later appointed Chief Pharmacist at the UK Ministry of Health), and in ''[[The Pale Horse]]'', published in 1961, she employed it to dispatch a series of victims, the first clue to the murder method coming from the victims' loss of hair. So accurate was her description of thallium poisoning that on at least one occasion it helped solve a case that was baffling doctors.<ref>{{Citation | title = Thallium poisoning in fact and fiction | url = http://www.pharmj.com/pdf/comment/pj_20061125_onlooker.pdf | publisher = Pharm J | date = 2006‐11‐25 | format = [[PDF]]}}.</ref><ref>John Emsley, [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/the-poison-prescribed-by-agatha-christie-thanks-to-the-mystery-writer-the-deadly-properties-of-thallium-sulphate-have-become-common-knowledge-corrected-1534450.html The poison prescribed by Agatha Christie:], The Independent, 20 July 1992</ref> Christie lived in Chelsea, first in Cresswell Place and later in Sheffield Terrace. Both properties are now marked by [[blue plaque]]s. Around 1941–1942, the British intelligence agency [[MI5]] investigated Agatha Christie. A character called Major Bletchley appeared in her 1941 thriller ''[[N or M?]]'', a story that features a hunt for two of Hitler's top secret spy agents in Britain.<ref name="Richard Norton-Taylor">{{cite web|title= Agatha Christie was investigated by MI5 over Bletchley Park mystery |author= Richard Norton-Taylor |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2013/feb/04/agatha-christie-mi5-bletchley |publisher=[[The Guardian]] |date= 4 February 2013 |accessdate=March 29, 2013}}</ref> MI5 was afraid that Christie had a spy in Britain's top-secret codebreaking centre, [[Bletchley Park]]. The agency's fears were allayed when Christie commented to codebreaker [[Dilly Knox]] that Bletchley was simply the name of "one of my least lovable characters."<ref name="Richard Norton-Taylor"/> To honour her many literary works, she was appointed [[Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] in the 1956 [[New Year Honours]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=40669|supp=yes|startpage=11|date=30 December 1955 | accessdate =7 September 2009}}</ref> The next year, she became the President of the [[Detection Club]].<ref>{{Citation | title = Authors | contribution = Biography: Agatha Christie | accessdate = 22 February 2009 | publisher = Illiterarty | url = http://www.illiterarty.com/authors/biography-agatha-christie}}.</ref> In the 1971 New Year Honours, she was promoted [[Dame Commander]] of the Order of the British Empire,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=45262|supp= yes|startpage=7|date=31 December 1970|accessdate= 7 September 2009}}</ref> three years after her husband had been [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]] for his archaeological work in 1968.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=44600|supp=yes|startpage=6300|date=31 May 1968|accessdate=7 September 2009}}</ref> They were one of the few married couples where both partners were honoured in their own right. From 1968, due to her husband's knighthood, Christie could also be [[Style (manner of address)|styled]] as Lady Mallowan. From 1971 to 1974, Christie's health began to fail, although she continued to write. In 1975, sensing her increasing weakness, Christie signed over the rights of her most successful play, ''The Mousetrap'', to her grandson.<ref name=thompson>{{Citation | last = Thompson | first = Laura | title = Agatha Christie: An English Mystery | place = London | publisher = Headline Review | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-7553-1488-1}}.</ref> Recently, using experimental textual tools of analysis, Canadian researchers have suggested that Christie may have begun to suffer from Alzheimer's disease or other dementia.<ref>{{Citation | last = Kingston | first = Anne | url = http://www2.macleans.ca/2009/04/02/the-ultimate-whodunit/ | title = The ultimate whodunit | newspaper = [[Maclean's]] | date = 2 April 2009 | accessdate = 28 August 2009 | place = Canada}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Boswell | first = Randy | url = http://www.ottawacitizen.com/health/Study+finds+possible+dementia+Agatha+Christie/1470424/story.html | title = Study finds possible dementia for Agatha Christie | newspaper = [[The Ottawa Citizen]] | date = 6 April 2009 | accessdate = 28 August 2009}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/5101619/Agatha-Christie-had-Alzheimers-disease-when-she-wrote-final-novels.html | accessdate =28 August 2009 |location=London |work= The Daily Telegraph | title= Agatha Christie 'had Alzheimer's disease when she wrote final novels' | first=Kate | last=Devlin | date = 4 April 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2009/apr/03/agatha-christie-alzheimers-research | accessdate =28 August 2009 |location=London |work=The Guardian | title=Study claims Agatha Christie had Alzheimer's | first=Alison | last= Flood | date= 3 April 2009 | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20090801003533/http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2009/apr/03/agatha-christie-alzheimers-research | archivedate= 1 August 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> Agatha Christie died on 12 January 1976 at age 85 from natural causes at her [[Winterbrook]] House in the north of [[Cholsey]] [[civil parish|parish]], adjoining [[Wallingford, Oxfordshire|Wallingford]] in Oxfordshire (formerly part of Berkshire). She is buried in the nearby churchyard of St Mary's, Cholsey. Christie's only child, Rosalind Margaret Hicks, died, also aged 85, on 28 October 2004 from natural causes in [[Torbay]], Devon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.findmypast.com/BirthsMarriagesDeaths.jsp | title= Deaths England and Wales 1984–2006 |publisher=Findmypast.com |accessdate=9 March 2010| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20100127093236/http://www.findmypast.com/BirthsMarriagesDeaths.jsp | archivedate= 27 January 2010 | deadurl = no}}{{dead link|date=November 2011}}</ref> Christie's grandson, Mathew Prichard, was heir to the copyright to some of his grandmother's literary work (including ''[[The Mousetrap]]'') and is still associated with Agatha Christie Limited. ==Work== ===Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple=== Agatha Christie's first novel ''[[The Mysterious Affair at Styles]]'' was published in 1920 and introduced the long-running character detective [[Hercule Poirot]], who appeared in 33 of Christie's novels and 54 short stories. Well-known [[Miss Marple]] was introduced in ''[[The Thirteen Problems]]'' in 1927 (short stories) and was based on Christie's grandmother and her "Ealing cronies".<ref name=BBCdustyClues>{{Cite news| location = [[United Kingdom|UK]] | last= Mills |first = Selina |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_7612000/7612534.stm |title= Dusty clues to Christie unearthed |publisher=BBC | work = News |date=15 September 2008 |accessdate=9 March 2010}}</ref> Both Jane and Gran "always expected the worst of everyone and everything, and was, with almost frightening accuracy, usually proved right."{{Sfn | Mallowan | 1990 | p = 422}} Miss Marple appeared in 12 of Christie's novels. During the Second World War, Christie wrote two novels, ''[[Curtain (novel)|Curtain]]'', and ''[[Sleeping Murder]]'', intended as the last cases of these two great detectives, Hercule Poirot and Jane Marple. Both books were sealed in a [[bank vault]] for over thirty years and were released for publication by Christie only at the end of her life, when she realised that she could not write any more novels. These publications came on the heels of the success of the [[Murder on the Orient Express (1974 film)|film version]] of ''Murder on the Orient Express'' in 1974. Like Sir [[Arthur Conan Doyle]] with [[Sherlock Holmes]], Christie was to become increasingly tired of her detective Poirot. In fact, by the end of the 1930s, Christie confided to her diary that she was finding Poirot "insufferable," and by the 1960s she felt that he was "an ego-centric creep." However, unlike Doyle, Christie resisted the temptation to kill her detective off while he was still popular. She saw herself as an entertainer whose job was to produce what the public liked, and the public liked Poirot.<ref>{{Citation | title = Agatha Christie mystery | contribution = Her Detectives and Other Characters | accessdate = 22 February 2009 | place = UK | url = http://www.christiemystery.co.uk/detectives.html}}.</ref> Feeling tied down, stuck with a love interest, she did marry off Hastings in an attempt to trim her cast commitments.{{Sfn | Mallowan | 1990 | p = 268}} In contrast, Christie was fond of [[Miss Marple]]. However, it is interesting to note that the Belgian detective's titles outnumber the Marple titles more than two to one. This is largely because Christie wrote numerous Poirot novels early in her career, while ''[[The Murder at the Vicarage]]'' remained the sole Marple novel until the 1940s. Christie never wrote a novel or short story featuring both Poirot and Miss Marple. In a recording discovered and released in 2008, Christie revealed the reason for this: "Hercule Poirot, a complete egoist, would not like being taught his business or having suggestions made to him by an elderly spinster lady".<ref name =BBCdustyClues /> Poirot is the only fictional character to have been given an obituary in ''[[The New York Times]]'', following the publication of ''Curtain''. It appeared on the front page of the paper on 6 August 1975.<ref>{{cite web | first =JD | last = Hobbs |url=http://www.poirot.us/obituary.php |title=Poirot's Obituary |publisher=Poirot | location = [[United States of America|US]] |date=6 August 1975 |accessdate=30 November 2012}}</ref> Following the great success of ''Curtain'', Dame Agatha gave permission for the release of ''Sleeping Murder'' sometime in 1976 but died in January 1976 before the book could be released. This may explain some of the inconsistencies compared to the rest of the Marple series&nbsp;— for example, Colonel Arthur Bantry, husband of Miss Marple's friend Dolly, is still alive and well in ''Sleeping Murder'' despite the fact he is noted as having died in books published earlier. It may be that Christie simply did not have time to revise the manuscript before she died. Miss Marple fared better than Poirot, since after solving the mystery in ''Sleeping Murder'' she returns home to her regular life in [[St. Mary Mead]]. ===Formula and plot devices=== Almost all of Christie's books are well-known [[whodunit]]s, focusing on the British [[middle class|middle]] and [[upper class|upper]] classes. Usually, the detective either stumbles across the murder or is called upon by an old acquaintance, who is somehow involved. Gradually, the detective interrogates each suspect, examines the scene of the crime and makes a note of each clue, so readers can analyse it and be allowed a fair chance of solving the mystery themselves. Then, about halfway through, or sometimes even during the final act, one of the suspects usually dies, often because they have inadvertently deduced the killer's identity and need silencing. In a few of her novels, including ''[[Death Comes as the End]]'' and ''[[And Then There Were None]]'', there are multiple victims. Finally, the detective organises a meeting of all the suspects and slowly denounces the guilty party, exposing several unrelated secrets along the way, sometimes over the course of thirty or so pages. The murders are often extremely ingenious, involving some convoluted piece of deception. Christie's stories are also known for their taut atmosphere and strong psychological suspense, developed from the deliberately slow pace of her prose. Seven stories are inspired by a nursery rhyme: ''[[And Then There Were None]]'' by [[Ten Little Indians]]; ''[[One, Two, Buckle My Shoe (novel)|One, Two, Buckle My Shoe]]'' by [[One, Two, Buckle My Shoe]]; ''[[Five Little Pigs]]'' by [[This Little Piggy]]; ''[[Crooked House]]'' by [[There Was a Crooked Man]]; ''[[A Pocket Full of Rye]]'' by [[Sing a Song of Sixpence]]; ''[[Hickory Dickory Dock (novel)|Hickory Dickory Dock]]'' by [[Hickory Dickory Dock]], and ''[[Three Blind Mice and Other Stories|Three Blind Mice]]'' by [[Three Blind Mice]]. Twice, the murderer surprisingly turns out to be the [[unreliable narrator]] of the story. In six stories, Christie allows the murderer to escape justice (and in the case of the last three, implicitly almost approves of their crimes); these are ''[[The Witness for the Prosecution]]'', ''[[Five Little Pigs]]'', ''[[The Man in the Brown Suit]]'', ''[[Murder on the Orient Express]]'', ''[[Curtain (novel)|Curtain]]'' and ''[[The Unexpected Guest (play)|The Unexpected Guest]]''. (When Christie adapted ''Witness'' into a stage play, she lengthened the ending so that the murderer was also killed.) There are also numerous instances where the killer is not brought to justice in the legal sense but instead dies (death usually being presented as a more 'sympathetic' outcome), for example ''[[Death Comes as the End]]'', ''[[And Then There Were None]]'', ''[[Death on the Nile]]'', ''[[Dumb Witness]]'', ''[[The Murder of Roger Ackroyd]]'', ''[[Crooked House]]'', ''[[Appointment with Death]]'', ''[[The Hollow]]'', ''[[Nemesis (Agatha Christie novel)|Nemesis]]'', ''[[Cat Among the Pigeons]]'', and ''[[The Secret Adversary]]''. In some cases this is with the collusion of the detective involved. In some stories the question of whether formal justice will be done is left unresolved, such as ''[[Five Little Pigs]]'', and arguably ''[[Ordeal by Innocence]]''. On an edition of ''[[Desert Island Discs]]'' in 2007, [[Brian Aldiss]] claimed that Agatha Christie told him that she wrote her books up to the last chapter, then decided who the most-unlikely suspect was, after which she would then go back and make the necessary changes to "frame" that person.<ref name="Brian Aldiss claims Agatha tells method">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/factual/desertislanddiscs_20070128.shtml|title=BBC Radio 4&nbsp;–Factual&nbsp;–Desert Island Discs|last= Aldiss|first= Brian|publisher= BBC | accessdate= 22 February 2009 | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090211235326/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/factual/desertislanddiscs_20070128.shtml | archivedate= 11 February 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> John Curran's ''Agatha Christie: The Secret Notebooks'' describes different working methods for every book in her autobiography, thus contradicting this claim. The first Hercule Poirot began with tram passengers and Belgian refugees.{{Sfn | Mallowan | 1990 | p = 243}} ''[[Man in the Brown Suit]]'' started with Belcher from the world tour.{{Sfn | Mallowan | 1990 | p = 297}} ''[[Murder on the Links]]'' began with news from France, a wife debunked, who claimed intruders tied her up and murdered her husband.{{Sfn | Mallowan | 1990 | p = 267}} ''[[The Murder of Roger Ackroyd]]'' killer was suggested by brother-in-law James Watt.{{Sfn | Mallowan | 1990 | p = 329}} ''[[The Big Four (novel)|The Big Four]]'', helped by Archie's brother Cambell, was a stop-gap collection of Sketch magazine stories, for money when her husband left.{{Sfn | Mallowan | 1990 | p = 341}} The formula and plot devices developed by Christie have been adopted by countless writers in all genre, not simply the murder mystery. These include the multiple works of Rob Sherman and [[Les Golden]]’s award-winning [[Murder by Mistletoe]] for the stage, and numerous t.v. series from “Murder She Wrote” to the CSI series and spinoffs. ===Critical reception=== The world's best-selling mystery writer, and often referred to as the "Queen of Crime", Agatha Christie is considered a master of suspense, plotting, and characterisation.<ref>{{Citation | first1 = Dick | last1 = Riley | first2 = Pam | last2 = McAllister | first3 = Julian | last3 = Symons | title = The Bedside, Bathtub & Armchair Companion to Agatha Christie | page = 240 | publisher = Continuum | year = 2001}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation | first = Cindy | last = Härcher | year = 2011 | title = The Development of Crime Fiction | page = 7 | publisher = Grin}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | first = Sandra | last = Engelhardt | title = The Investigators of Crime in Literature | page = 83 | publisher = Tectum | year = 2003}}.</ref> Some critics however regarded Christie's plotting abilities as considerably exceeding her literary ones. The novelist [[Raymond Chandler]] criticised her in his essay, "[[The Simple Art of Murder]]", and the American literary critic [[Edmund Wilson]] was dismissive of Christie and the detective fiction genre generally in his ''[[The New Yorker|New Yorker]]'' essay, "Who Cares Who Killed Roger Ackroyd?".<ref>{{Citation | last = Wilson | first = Edmund | title = Who Cares Who Killed Roger Ackroyd? | newspaper = The New Yorker | date = 20 January 1945}}.</ref> ===Stereotyping=== Christie occasionally inserted stereotyped descriptions of characters into her work, particularly before the end of the Second World War (when such attitudes were more commonly expressed publicly), and particularly in regard to [[Italian people|Italians]], Jews, and non-Europeans. For example, in the first editions of the collection ''[[The Mysterious Mr Quin]]'' (1930), in the short story "The Soul of the Croupier," she described "Hebraic men with hook-noses wearing rather flamboyant jewellery"; in later editions the passage was edited to describe "sallow men" wearing same. To contrast with the more stereotyped descriptions, Christie often characterised the "foreigners" in such a way as to make the reader understand and sympathise with them; this is particularly true of her Jewish characters, who are seldom actually criminals. (See, for example, the character of Oliver Manders in ''[[Three Act Tragedy]]''.)<ref>{{Citation | last =Pendergast | first =Bruce | title =Everyman's Guide to the Mysteries of Agatha Christie | publisher=Trafford | year =2004 | location =Victoria, BC, Canada | page = 399 | isbn =1-4120-2304-1}}</ref> Most often, she is lovingly affectionate or teasing with her prejudices. After four years of war-torn London, Christie hoped to return some day to Syria, which she described as "gentle fertile country and its simple people, who know how to laugh and how to enjoy life; who are idle and gay, and who have dignity, good manners, and a great sense of humour, and to whom death is not terrible."{{Sfn | Mallowan | 1985 | p = 187}} After trouble with an incompetent Swiss French nursery helper Marcelle for toddler Rosalind, she decides "Scottish preferred&nbsp;... good with the young. The French were hopeless disciplinarians&nbsp;... Germans good and methodical, but it was not German that I really wanted Rosalind to learn. The Irish were gay but made trouble in the house; the English were of all kinds"{{Sfn | Mallowan | 1985 | p = 327}} She proposes this, after the fact, knowing the chosen Charlotte lasts decades. Her book titles, changed by American publishers, for example ''[[Ten Little Niggers]]'' to ''[[Ten Little Indians]]'', were kept the same across the Atlantic, after bushels of fan mail.{{Sfn | Mallowan | 1985 | p = vi}} == Archaeology == Christie had always had an interest in archaeology. {{quote |The lure of the past came up to grab me. To see a dagger slowly appearing, with its gold glint, through the sand was romantic. The carefulness of lifting pots and objects from the soil filled me with a longing to be an archaeologist myself. | Christie | An Autobiography (London, 1984), p. 389{{Sfn | Morgan | 1984 | p = 389}}}} On a trip to the excavation site at [[Ur]] in 1930, she met her future husband, [[Max Mallowan|Sir Max Mallowan]], a distinguished archaeologist, but her fame as an author far surpassed his fame in archaeology.{{Sfn | Dever | 2004 | p = 162}} Prior to meeting Mallowan, Christie had not had any extensive brushes with archaeology, but once the two married they made sure to only go to sites where they could work together. {{quote |Many years ago, when I was once saying sadly to Max it was a pity I couldn't have taken up archaeology when I was a girl, so as to be more knowledgeable on the subject, he said, 'Don't you realize that at this moment you know more about prehistoric pottery than any woman in England? | Christie | An Autobiography (1984), p. 546{{Sfn | Morgan | 1984 | p = 546}}}} While accompanying Mallowan on countless archaeological trips (spending up to 3–4 months at a time in [[Syria]] and [[Iraq]] at excavation sites at [[Ur]], [[Ninevah]], [[Tell Arpachiyah]], [[Chagar Bazar]], [[Tell Brak]], and [[Nimrud]]), Christie not only wrote novels and short stories, but also contributed work to the archaeological sites, more specifically to the archaeological restoration and labeling of ancient exhibits which includes tasks such as cleaning and conserving delicate ivory pieces, reconstructing pottery, developing photos from early excavations which later led to taking photographs of the site and its findings, and taking field notes.<ref>{{Citation | publisher = Trustees of the British Museum | url = http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/online_tours/middle_east/agatha_christie__archaeology/agatha_christie__archaeology.aspx | title = Agatha Christie: Archaeology}}.</ref> So as to not influence the funding of the archaeological excavations, Christie would always pay for her own board and lodging and her travel expenses, and supported excavations as an anonymous sponsor.<ref>{{Citation | publisher = Trustees of the British Museum | url = http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/online_tours/middle_east/agatha_christie__archaeology/pottery_palace_ware_jar.aspx | title = Agatha Christie: Archaeology | contribution = Pottery place wave jar}}.</ref> After the Second World War, she chronicled her time in Syria with fondness in "Come Tell Me How You Live". Anecdotes, memories, funny episodes, are strung in a rough timeline, with more emphasis on eccentric characters, lovely scenery, than factual accuracy.{{Sfn | Mallowan | 1985}} From 8 November 2001 to 24 March 2002, [[British Museum|The British Museum]] had an exhibit named ''Agatha Christie and Archaeology: Mystery in Mesopotamia'', which presented the secret life of Agatha Christie and the influences of archaeology in her life and works.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/online_tours/middle_east/agatha_christie__archaeology/agatha_christie__archaeology.aspx | title = Agatha Christie and archaeology | publisher = Trustees of the British Museum | year = 2012}}.</ref> === Archaeological influences in her writing === Many of the settings for Agatha Christie's books were directly inspired by the many archaeological field seasons spent in the Middle East on the sites managed by her second husband Max Mallowan. Her time spent at the many locations featured in her books is very apparent by the extreme detail in which she describes them. One such site featured in her books is the temple site of [[Abu Simbel temples|Abu Simbel]] in ''[[Death on the Nile]]'', as well as the great detail in which she describes life at the dig site in ''[[Murder in Mesopotamia]].'' ===Characters=== Of the characters in her books, Christie has often showcased the archaeologist and experts in Middle Eastern cultures and artifacts. Most notably are the characters of Dr. Eric Leidner in ''Murder in Mesopotamia'', Signor Richetti in Death on the Nile, and many minor characters in They Came to Baghdad were archaeologists. More indirectly, Christie's famous character of [[Hercule Poirot]] can be compared to an archaeologist in his detailed scrutiny of all facts both large and small. Cornelius Holtorf, an academic archaeologist, describes an archaeologist as a detective as one of the key themes of archaeology in popular culture.{{Sfn | Holtorf | 2007 | p = 75}} He describes an archaeologist as a professional detective of the past who has the ability to reveal secrets for the greater of society. Holtorf's description of the archaeologist as a detective is very similar to Christie's Poirot who is hugely observant and is very careful to look at the small details as they often impart the most information. Many of Christie's detective characters show some archaeological traits through their careful attention to clues and artifacts alike. [[Miss Marple]], another of Christie's most-famous characters, shares these characteristics of careful deduction though the attention paid to the small clues. ===Spirituality=== Christie's life within the archaeological world not only shaped her settings and characters for her books but also in the issues she highlights. One of the stronger influences is her love of the mystical and mysterious. Many of Christie's books and short stories both set in the Middle East and back in England have a decidedly otherworldly influence in which religious sects, sacrifices, ceremony, and seances play a part. Such stories include "The Hound of Death" and "the Idol House of Astarte". This theme was greater strengthened by Christie's time spent in the Middle East where she was consistently surrounded by the religious temples and spiritual history of the towns and cities they were excavating in Mallowan's archaeological work. ===Travel as adventure=== During Christie and Mallowan's time in the Middle East, along with their time spent among the many tombs, temples, and museums, there was also a large amount of time spent traveling to and from Mallowan's sites. The travelling involved in the archaeology had a large influence on Christie's writing, which is often reflected as some type of transportation playing a part in her murderer's schemes. The large amount of travel done by Christie and Mallowan has not only made for a great writing theme, as shown in her famous novel [[The Murder on the Orient Express]], but also tied into the idea of archaeology as an adventure that has become so important in today's popular culture as described by Cornelius Holtorf in his book ''Archaeology is a Brand''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://web.comhem.se/cornelius/brand.html |title=Archaeology is a brand! |publisher= Comhem | location = [[Sweden|SE]] |accessdate=30 November 2012}}</ref> === Popular novels with heavy archaeological influences === ''[[Murder in Mesopotamia|Murder in Mesopotamia (1936)]]'' :Christie's ''Murder in Mesopotamia'' is the most archaeologically influenced of all her novels as it is set in the Middle East at an archaeological dig site and associated expedition house. The Main characters included an archaeologist, Dr. Eric Leidner, as well as his wife, multiple specialists, assistants and the men working on the site. The novel is most noted for its careful description of the dig site and house, which showed the author had spent much of her own time in very similar situations herself. The characters in this book in particular are also based on archaeologists Christie knew from her personal experiences on excavations sites. ''[[Appointment with Death|Appointment with Death (1938)]]'' :''Appointment with Death'' is set in [[Jerusalem]] and its surrounding area. The death itself occurs at an old cave site and offers some very descriptive details of sites which Christie herself would have visited in order to write the book. ''[[Death on the Nile|Death on the Nile (1937)]]'' :''Death on the Nile'' takes place on a tour boat on the Nile. Many archaeological sites are visited along the way and one of the main characters is an archaeologist, Signor Richetti. ''[[They Came to Baghdad|They Came to Baghdad (1951)]]'' :''They Came to Baghdad'' was inspired by Christie's own trips to [[Baghdad]] with Mallowan, and involves an archaeologist as the heroine's love interest. ==Portrayals of Christie== Christie has been portrayed on a number of occasions in film and television. Several biographical programs have been made, such as the 2004 [[BBC television]] programme entitled ''[[Agatha Christie: A Life in Pictures]]'', in which she is portrayed by [[Olivia Williams]], [[Anna Massey]], and [[Bonnie Wright]]. Christie has also been portrayed fictionally. Some of these have explored and offered accounts of Christie's disappearance in 1926, including the 1979 film ''[[Agatha (film)|Agatha]]'' (with [[Vanessa Redgrave]], where she sneaks away to plan revenge against her husband) and the ''[[Doctor Who]]'' episode "[[The Unicorn and the Wasp]]" (with [[Fenella Woolgar]], her disappearance being the result of her suffering a temporary breakdown due to a brief psychic link being formed between her and an alien). Others, such as 1980 Hungarian film, ''Kojak Budapesten'' (not to be confused with the 1986 comedy by the same name) create their own scenarios involving Christie's criminal skill.<ref>{{Citation | title = Kojak Budapesten | year = 1990 | url = http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0081006/plotsummary | publisher = IMDb | type = plot summary}}.</ref> In the 1986 TV play, ''Murder by the Book'', Christie herself (Dame [[Peggy Ashcroft]]) murdered one of her fictional-turned-real characters, Poirot. The heroine of Liar-Soft's 2008 [[visual novel]] ''[[Shikkoku no Sharnoth: What a Beautiful Tomorrow]]'', Mary Clarissa Christie, is based on the real-life Christie. Christie features as a character in Gaylord Larsen's ''Dorothy and Agatha'' and ''The London Blitz Murders'' by Max Allan Collins.<ref>{{cite web | first = Gaylord | last = Larsen |publisher=Amazon | url = http://www.amazon.com/Dorothy-Agatha-Mystery-Gaylord-Larsen/dp/052524865X |title=Dorothy and Agatha: A Mystery Novel | isbn = 978‐0‐525‐24865‐1 | accessdate = 30 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| first = Max Allan | last = Collins |url = http://www.amazon.com/London-Blitz-Murders-Allan-Collins/dp/0425198057 |title = The London Blitz Murders | isbn = 978‐0‐425‐19805‐6 | date = 2004-05-04 | publisher =Amazon |accessdate=30 November 2012}}</ref> ==Adaptations== ===Film=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year !! Title !! Story based on !! Notes |- |1928||''The Passing of Mr. Quinn''||''The Mysterious Mr Quin#The Coming of Mr Quin|The Coming of Mr Quin''||First Christie film adaptation |- |1929||''The Secret Adversary#Die Abenteurer GmbH (1929)|Die Abenteurer G.m.b.H.''||''The Secret Adversary''||First Christie foreign film adaptation; a German adaptation of ''The Secret Adversary'' |- |1931||''Alibi (1931 film)|Alibi''||The stage play ''Alibi (play)|Alibi'' and the novel ''The Murder of Roger Ackroyd''||First Christie film adaptation to feature Hercule Poirot |- |1931||''Black Coffee (1931 film)|Black Coffee''||''Black Coffee (play)|Black Coffee''|| |- |1932||''Black Coffee (play)|Le Coffret de Laque''||''Black Coffee (play)|Black Coffee''||French adaptation of ''Black Coffee'' |- |1934||''Lord Edgware Dies (film)|Lord Edgware Dies''||''Thirteen at Dinner''|| |- |1937||''Love from a Stranger (1937 film)|Love from a Stranger''||The stage play ''Love from a Stranger (play)|Love from a Stranger'' and the short story ''Philomel Cottage''||Released in the US as ''A Night of Terror'' |- |1945||''And Then There Were None (1945 film)|And Then There Were None''||The stage play ''And Then There Were None (play)|And Then There Were None'' and the novel ''And Then There Were None''||First Christie film adaptation of ''And Then There Were None'' |- |1947||''Love from a Stranger (1947 film)|Love from a Stranger''||The stage play ''Love from a Stranger (play)|Love from a Stranger'' and the short story ''Philomel Cottage''||Released in the UK as ''A Stranger Walked In'' |- |1957||''Witness for the Prosecution (1957 film)|Witness for the Prosecution''||The stage play ''Witness for the Prosecution (play)|Witness for the Prosecution'' and the short story ''The Witness for the Prosecution''|| |- |1960||''Spider's Web (play)#Publication and further adaptations|The Spider's Web''||''Spider's Web (play)|Spider's Web''|| |- |1960||''Chupi Chupi Aashey''||''The Mousetrap (play)|The Mousetrap'' and the short story "Three Blind Mice''||Uncredited adaptation in Bengali; possibly the only notable film version of the celebrated play. {{Citation needed|date=May 2013}} |- |1961||''Murder, She Said''||''4.50 from Paddington''||First Christie film adaptation to feature Miss Marple |- |1963||''Murder at the Gallop''||''After the Funeral''||In the film, Miss Marple replaces Hercule Poirot |- |1964||''Murder Most Foul''||''Mrs McGinty's Dead''||The film is loosely based on the book and as a major change Miss Marple replaces Hercule Poirot |- |1964||''Murder Ahoy!''||None||An original film, not based on any book, although it borrows some elements of ''They Do It with Mirrors'' |- |1965||''Gumnaam''||''And Then There Were None''||Uncredited adaptation of ''And Then There Were None'' |- |1965||''Ten Little Indians (1965 film)|Ten Little Indians''||The stage play ''And Then There Were None (play)|And Then There Were None'' and the novel ''And Then There Were None'' |- |1965||''The Alphabet Murders''||''The A.B.C. Murders''|| |- |1972||''Endless Night (1972 film)|Endless Night''||''Endless Night''|| |- |1973||''Dhund (1973 film)|Dhund''||''The Unexpected Guest (play)|The Unexpected Guest''||''Dhund'' (translation: Fog) is a 1973 Hindi movie produced and directed by B. R. Chopra |- |1974||{{Nowrap|''Murder on the Orient Express (1974 film)|Murder on the Orient Express''}}||''Murder on the Orient Express''|| |- |1974||''And Then There Were None (1974 film)|And Then There Were None''||The stage play ''And Then There Were None (play)|And Then There Were None'' and the novel ''And Then There Were None''||Released in the US as ''Ten Little Indians'' |- |1978||''Death on the Nile (1978 film)|Death on the Nile''||The stage play ''Murder on the Nile/Hidden Horizon|Murder on the Nile'' and the novel ''Death on the Nile''|| |- |1980||''The Mirror Crack'd''||''The Mirror Crack'd from Side to Side''|| |- |1982||''Evil Under the Sun (1982 film)|Evil Under the Sun''||''Evil Under the Sun''|| |- |1985||''Ordeal by Innocence#Ordeal by Innocence (1985 film)|Ordeal by Innocence''||''Ordeal by Innocence''|| |- |1987||''Desyat Negrityat''||The stage play ''And Then There Were None (play)|And Then There Were None'' and the novel ''And Then There Were None''||Russian film adaptation of ''And Then There Were None'' |- |1988||''Appointment with Death (film)|Appointment with Death''||The stage play ''Appointment with Death (1945 play)|Appointment with Death'' and the novel ''Appointment with Death''|| |- |1989||''Ten Little Indians (1989 film)|Ten Little Indians''||The stage play ''And Then There Were None (play)|And Then There Were None'' and the novel ''And Then There Were None''|| |- |1995||''Towards Zero#Film, TV or theatrical adaptations|Innocent Lies''||''Towards Zero''|| |- |2005||''Mon petit doigt m'a dit...''||''By the Pricking of My Thumbs''||French adaptation of ''By the Pricking of My Thumbs'' |- |2007||''L'Heure zéro''||''Towards Zero''||French adaptation of ''Towards Zero'' |- |2008||''Le crime est notre affaire''||''4.50 from Paddington''||French adaptation of ''4.50 from Paddington'' |- |2012||''Grandmaster (film)|Grandmaster''||''The A.B.C Murders''||Indian(Malayalam) adaptation of ''The A.B.C Murders'' |} ==Notes== {{Reflist | group = "lower-alpha"}} ==References== {{Reflist|32em}} ==Sources== * {{Citation | author-link = Amanda Adams| last = Adams | first = Amanda | year = 2010 | title = Ladies of the Field: Early Women Archaeologists and Their Search for Adventure | publisher = Douglas & McIntyre | isbn = 978-1-55365-433-9}}. * {{Citation |title= [[Agatha Christie: An Autobiography]] |last= Mallowan |first= Agatha Christie |year= 1977 | publisher = [[Dodd, Mead & Company|Dodd, Mead & Co]] |location=New York |isbn=0-396-07516-9}} * {{Citation | isbn = 0‐553‐35049‐8 | title = Come, Tell Me How You Live | first = Agatha Christie | last = Mallowan | place = Toronto, New York | publisher = Bantam Books | year = 1985}}. * {{Citation | isbn = 0‐553‐35081‐1 | title = An Autobiography | first = Agatha Christie | last = Mallowan | origyear = 1977 | year = 1990 | place = New York, NY, US | publisher = Bantam}}. * {{cite web| title= Travel and Archaeology| url = http://agathachristie.com/about-christie/travel-and-archeology/ | publisher=Agatha Christie Limited|accessdate=29 February 2012}} * {{cite web|title=Agatha Christie — the explorer & archaeologist | format = [[PDF]] | url= http://agathachristie.com/cms-media/assets/PR_-_Agatha_Christie_-_the_Explorer.pdf |publisher=Agatha Christie Limited |accessdate=1 March 2012}} * {{Citation | last = Dever | first = Norma | year = 2004 | title = They Also Dug! Archaeologist's Wives and Their Stories | journal = Near Eastern Archaeology | place = Boston | publisher = The American Schools of Oriental Research | volume = 67 | pages = 162–73 | issue = 3 | doi = 10.2307/4132378}}. * {{Citation | last = Holtorf | first = Cornelius | year = 2007 | title = Archaeology is a Brand! The meaning of archaeology in contemporary popular culture | place = Oxford, England | publisher = Archaeopress}}. * {{Citation|last=Lubelski|first= Amy|title= Museums: In the Field with Agatha Christie| journal = Archaeology | year=2002|month=March/April|volume=55|issue=2|url= http://www.archaeology.org/0203/reviews/christie.html |accessdate=28 February 2012}} * {{Citation | last = Morgan | first = Janet P | year = 1984 | title = Agatha Christie: a biography | place = London | publisher = Collins}}. * {{Citation | last1 = Roaf | first1 = Michael | first2 = Robert | last2 = Killick | year = 1987 | title = A Mysterious Affair of Styles: The Ninevite 5 Pottery of Northern Mesopotamia | journal = Iraq | volume = 49 | pages = 199–230 | doi = 10.2307/4200273}}. * {{Citation | last = Thomas | first = WG | title = Murder in Mesopotamia: Agatha Christie and Archaeology | url = http://www.gwthomas.org/murderinmeso.htm}}. * {{Citation | publisher = Trustees of the British Museum | year = 2012 | title = The British Museum | contribution = Pottery palace ware jar | url = http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/online_tours/middle_east/agatha_christie__archaeology/pottery_palace_ware_jar.aspx}}. ==Further reading== ===Articles=== * {{Citation|last=Knepper|first=Marty S.|title=The Curtain Falls: Agatha Christie's Last Novels|journal = Clues: A Journal of Detection|volume=23|issue=4| month =Summer | year = 2005|pages=69&nbsp;–84|doi = 10.3200/CLUS.23.4.69-84}} * {{Cite news|last=Mann|first=Jessica|title=Taking liberties with Agatha Christie (review of Laura Thompson's ''Agatha Christie: An English Mystery'')| url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/non_fictionreviews/3668017/Taking-liberties-with-Agatha-Christie.html|work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |date= 20 September 2007}} * {{Citation | last= Kerridge|first= Jake| format = print | date = 6 October 2007 | title = She made murder a parlour game; review of Laura Thompson's ''Agatha Christie: An English Mystery'' | publisher = [[The Daily Telegraph]] | page = 24 | location = London}}. * {{Cite news| last= Kerridge|first= Jake| title= The crimes of Agatha Christie | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/non_fictionreviews/3668468/The-crimes-of-Agatha-Christie.html | publisher = [[The Daily Telegraph]] | type = review |date=11 October 2007| location = London}} A reprint of the latter. * {{Cite news| title= Agatha Christie's holiday home opens to the public| url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/4785905/Agatha-Christies-holiday-home-opens-to-the-public.html |work=The Daily Telegraph |location = London |date=23 February 2009 }} ===Books=== * {{Citation|last=Barnard|first=Robert|authorlink= Robert Barnard|title= A Talent to Deceive&nbsp;–An Appreciation of Agatha Christie|location=London|publisher=Collins|year=1980|isbn=0-00-216190-7}} Reprinted as {{Citation | title = A Talent to Deceive | place = New York | publisher = Mysterious Press | year = 1987}}. * {{Citation | first1 = Dennis | last1 = Sanders | first2 = Len | last2 = Lovallo | year = 1989 | title = The Agatha Christie Companion | publisher = Berkley | origyear = 1984 | isbn = 0-425-11845-2}}. * {{Citation | first = Jared | last = Cade | publisher = Peter Owen | year = 1997 | isbn = 978-0-7206-1280-6 | title = Agatha Christie and the Missing Eleven Days}}. * {{Citation | last=Cade|first=Jared|title=Agatha Christie and the Eleven Missing Days|date=7 July 2011|publisher=Peter Owen|isbn=978-0720613902|edition=2nd Revised & Expanded|accessdate=21 May 2013}} * {{Citation|last= Osborne| first= Charles| authorlink= Charles Osborne (music writer)| title= The Life and Crimes of Agatha Christie|location=London|publisher=Collins| year= 1982}} * {{Citation | first = Charles | last = Osborne | year = 2001 | title = The Life and Crimes of Agatha Christie | publisher = St Martins | origyear = 1982 | isbn = 0-312-30116-2}} * {{Citation | first1 = Dick | last1 = Riley | first2 = Pam | last2 = McAllister | year = 1986 | title = The (New) Bedside, Bathtub & Armchair Companion to Agatha Christie | publisher = Ungar | origyear = 1979 | isbn = 0-8044-6725-0}}. * {{Citation | first = Dawn B. | last = Sova | title = The Agatha Christie A to Z | publisher = Checkmark | year = 1996 | isbn = 0-8160-4311-6 }}. * {{Citation|last=Thompson|first=Laura|title=Agatha Christie: An English Mystery|location=London|publisher = Headline Review|year=2007|isbn= 0-7553-1487-5}}. ==External links== * [http://www.agathachristie.com/ Official Agatha Christie site] * [http://www.oxfordshireblueplaques.org.uk/plaques/christie.html Agatha Christie/Sir Max Mallowan's blue plaque at Cholsey] * [http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2008/jun/10/agathachristie Agatha Christie profile and articles at "The Guardian"] * [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/mystery/marple/christie.html Agatha Christie profile on PBS.ORG] * [http://www.christiemystery.co.uk/ Agatha Christie's style and methods, the plot devices that she uses to trick the reader] * [http://www.famousauthors.org/agatha-christie Agatha Christie's Profile on FamousAuthors.org] {{Persondata |NAME=Christie, Agatha Mary |ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Lady Mallowan |SHORT DESCRIPTION=English author |DATE OF BIRTH={{Birth date|1890|9|15|df=y}} |PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Torquay]], Devon, England |DATE OF DEATH={{Death date|1976|1|12|df=y}} |PLACE OF DEATH=[[Wallingford, Oxfordshire|Wallingford]], Oxfordshire, England }} [[Category:1890 births]] [[Category:1976 deaths]] [[Category:20th-century British writers]] [[Category:20th-century women writers]] [[Category:20th-century British novelists]] [[Category:20th-century dramatists and playwrights]] [[Category:Agatha Christie| ]] [[Category:Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] [[Category:Edgar Award winners]] [[Category:English crime fiction writers]] [[Category:English dramatists and playwrights]] [[Category:English mystery writers]] [[Category:English short story writers]] [[Category:Members of the Detection Club]] 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