South Korea
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| Introduction | Korea, South |
Background:
|
An independent Korean state or collection of states has existed almost continuously for several millennia. Between its initial unification in the 7th century - from three predecessor Korean states - until the 20th century, Korea existed as a single independent country. In 1905, following the Russo-Japanese War, Korea became a protectorate of imperial Japan, and in 1910 it was annexed as a colony. Korea regained its independence following Japan's surrender to the United States in 1945. After World War II, a Republic of Korea (ROK) was set up in the southern half of the Korean Peninsula while a Communist-style government was installed in the north (the DPRK). During the Korean War (1950-53), US troops and UN forces fought alongside soldiers from the ROK to defend South Korea from DPRK attacks supported by China and the Soviet Union. An armistice was signed in 1953, splitting the peninsula along a demilitarized zone at about the 38th parallel. Thereafter, South Korea achieved rapid economic growth with per capita income rising to roughly 14 times the level of North Korea. In 1993, KIM Young-sam became South Korea's first civilian president following 32 years of military rule. South Korea today is a fully functioning modern democracy. In June 2000, a historic first North-South summit took place between the South's President KIM Dae-jung and the North's leader KIM Jong Il. In October 2007, a second North-South summit took place between the South's President ROH Moo-hyun and the North Korean leader. |
| Geography | Korea, South |
Location:
|
Eastern Asia, southern half of the Korean Peninsula bordering the Sea of Japan and the Yellow Sea |
Geographic coordinates:
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37 00 N, 127 30 E |
Map references:
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Asia |
Area:
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total: 98,480 sq km land: 98,190 sq km water: 290 sq km |
Area - comparative:
|
slightly larger than Indiana |
Land boundaries:
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total: 238 km border countries: North Korea 238 km |
Coastline:
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2,413 km |
Maritime claims:
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territorial sea: 12 nm; between 3 nm and 12 nm in the Korea Strait contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: not specified |
Climate:
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temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter |
Terrain:
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mostly hills and mountains; wide coastal plains in west and south |
Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Sea of Japan 0 m highest point: Halla-san 1,950 m |
Natural resources:
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coal, tungsten, graphite, molybdenum, lead, hydropower potential |
Land use:
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arable land: 16.58% permanent crops: 2.01% other: 81.41% (2005) |
Irrigated land:
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8,780 sq km (2003) |
Total renewable water resources:
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69.7 cu km (1999) |
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
|
Total: 18.59 cu km/yr (36%/16%/48%) Per capita: 389 cu m/yr (2000) |
Natural hazards:
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occasional typhoons bring high winds and floods; low-level seismic activity common in southwest |
Environment - current issues:
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air pollution in large cities; acid rain; water pollution from the discharge of sewage and industrial effluents; drift net fishing |
Environment - international agreements:
|
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements |
Geography - note:
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strategic location on Korea Strait |
| People | Korea, South |
Population:
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49,044,790 (July 2007 est.) |
Age structure:
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0-14 years: 18.3% (male 4,714,103/female 4,262,873) 15-64 years: 72.1% (male 18,004,719/female 17,346,594) 65 years and over: 9.6% (male 1,921,803/female 2,794,698) (2007 est.) |
Median age:
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total: 35.8 years male: 34.8 years female: 36.8 years (2007 est.) |
Population growth rate:
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0.394% (2007 est.) |
Birth rate:
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9.93 births/1,000 population (2007 est.) |
Death rate:
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5.99 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.) |
Net migration rate:
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0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.) |
Sex ratio:
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at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.106 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.038 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.688 male(s)/female total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2007 est.) |
Infant mortality rate:
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total: 6.05 deaths/1,000 live births male: 6.43 deaths/1,000 live births female: 5.64 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.) |
Life expectancy at birth:
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total population: 77.23 years male: 73.81 years female: 80.93 years (2007 est.) |
Total fertility rate:
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1.28 children born/woman (2007 est.) |
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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less than 0.1% (2003 est.) |
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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8,300 (2003 est.) |
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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less than 200 (2003 est.) |
Nationality:
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noun: Korean(s) adjective: Korean |
Ethnic groups:
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homogeneous (except for about 20,000 Chinese) |
Religions:
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Christian 26.3% (Protestant 19.7%, Roman Catholic 6.6%), Buddhist 23.2%, other or unknown 1.3%, none 49.3% (1995 census) |
Languages:
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Korean, English widely taught in junior high and high school |
Literacy:
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definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 97.9% male: 99.2% female: 96.6% (2002) |
| Government | Korea, South |
Country name:
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conventional long form: Republic of Korea conventional short form: South Korea local long form: Taehan-min'guk local short form: Han'guk abbreviation: ROK |
Government type:
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republic |
Capital:
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name: Seoul geographic coordinates: 37 33 N, 126 59 E time difference: UTC+9 (14 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) |
Administrative divisions:
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9 provinces (do, singular and plural) and 7 metropolitan cities (gwangyoksi, singular and plural) provinces: Cheju-do, Cholla-bukto (North Cholla), Cholla-namdo (South Cholla), Ch'ungch'ong-bukto (North Ch'ungch'ong), Ch'ungch'ong-namdo (South Ch'ungch'ong), Kangwon-do, Kyonggi-do, Kyongsang-bukto (North Kyongsang), Kyongsang-namdo (South Kyongsang) metropolitan cities: Inch'on-gwangyoksi (Inch'on), Kwangju-gwangyoksi (Kwangju), Pusan-gwangyoksi (Pusan), Soul-t'ukpyolsi (Seoul), Taegu-gwangyoksi (Taegu), Taejon-gwangyoksi (Taejon), Ulsan-gwangyoksi (Ulsan) |
Independence:
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15 August 1945 (from Japan) |
National holiday:
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Liberation Day, 15 August (1945) |
Constitution:
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17 July 1948; note - amended or rewritten nine times; current constitution approved on 29 October 1987 |
Legal system:
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combines elements of continental European civil law systems, Anglo-American law, and Chinese classical thought; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction |
Suffrage:
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19 years of age; universal |
Executive branch:
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chief of state: President ROH Moo-hyun (since 25 February 2003); LEE Myung-bak elected president on 19 December 2007, will take office on 25 February 2008 head of government: Prime Minister HAN Duck-soo (since 2 April 2007); Deputy Prime Ministers KIM Woo-sik (since 10 February 2006); KWON O-kyu (since 18 July 2006); KIM Shin-il (since 20 September 2006) cabinet: State Council appointed by the president on the prime minister's recommendation elections: president elected by popular vote for a single five-year term; election last held 19 December 2007 (next to be held on in December 2012); prime minister appointed by president with consent of National Assembly; deputy prime ministers appointed by president on prime minister's recommendation election results: ROH Moo-hyun elected president on 19 December 2002; percent of vote - ROH Moo-hyun (MDP) 48.9%; LEE Hoi-chang (GNP) 46.6%; others 4.5%; LEE Myung-bak elected president on 19 December 2007; percent of vote - LEE Myung-bak (GNP) 48.7%; CHUNG Dong-young (UNDP) 26.1%); LEE Hoi-chang (independent) 15.1; others 10.1% |
Legislative branch:
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unicameral National Assembly or Kukhoe (299 seats; 243 members elected in single-seat constituencies, 56 elected by proportional representation; to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 15 April 2004 (next to be held on 9 April 2008) election results: percent of vote by party - Uri 51%, GNP 41%, DLP 3%, DP 3%, others 2%; seats by party - Uri 141, GNP 127, DP 12, DLP 9, PFP 5, independents 5 note: percent of vote is for 2004 general election; seats by party reflect results of 2005 and 2006 by-elections; MDP became DP in May 2005; United Liberal Democrats (ULD) merged with GNP in February 2006 |
Judicial branch:
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Supreme Court (justices appointed by president with consent of National Assembly); Constitutional Court (justices appointed by president based partly on nominations by National Assembly and Chief Justice of the court) |
Political parties and leaders:
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Creative Korea Party or CKP [MOON Kook-hyun]; Democratic Labor Party or DLP [CHUN Young-se]; Democratic Party or DP [PARK Sang-chun]; Grand National Party or GNP [KANG Jae-su]; People-First Party or PFP [SIM Dae-pyung]; United New Democratic Party or UNDP [SOHN Hak-kyu]; Uri Party (disbanded in August 2007) |
Political pressure groups and leaders:
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Federation of Korean Industries; Federation of Korean Trade Unions; Korean Confederation of Trade Unions; Korean National Council of Churches; Korean Traders Association; Korean Veterans' Association; National Council of Labor Unions; National Democratic Alliance of Korea; National Federation of Farmers' Associations; National Federation of Student Associations |
International organization participation:
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ADB, AfDB, APEC, APT, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, CP, EAS, EBRD, FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAIA, MIGA, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE (partner), PCA, PIF (partner), SAARC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNMOGIP, UNOMIG, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC |
Diplomatic representation in the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador LEE Tae-sik chancery: 2450 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 939-5600 FAX: [1] (202) 387-0205 consulate(s) general: Agana (Guam), Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco, Seattle |
Diplomatic representation from the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador Alexander VERSHBOW embassy: 32 Sejong-no, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-710 mailing address: US Embassy Seoul, APO AP 96205-5550 telephone: [82] (2) 397-4114 FAX: [82] (2) 738-8845 |
Flag description:
|
white with a red (top) and blue yin-yang symbol in the center; there is a different black trigram from the ancient I Ching (Book of Changes) in each corner of the white field |
| Economy | Korea, South |
Economy - overview:
|
Since the 1960s, South Korea has achieved an incredible record of growth and integration into the high-tech modern world economy. Four decades ago, GDP per capita was comparable with levels in the poorer countries of Africa and Asia. In 2004, South Korea joined the trillion dollar club of world economies. Today its GDP per capita is roughly the same as that of Greece and Spain. This success was achieved by a system of close government/business ties including directed credit, import restrictions, sponsorship of specific industries, and a strong labor effort. The government promoted the import of raw materials and technology at the expense of consumer goods and encouraged savings and investment over consumption. The Asian financial crisis of 1997-98 exposed longstanding weaknesses in South Korea's development model including high debt/equity ratios, massive foreign borrowing, and an undisciplined financial sector. GDP plunged by 6.9% in 1998, then recovered by 9.5% in 1999 and 8.5% in 2000. Growth fell back to 3.3% in 2001 because of the slowing global economy, falling exports, and the perception that much-needed corporate and financial reforms had stalled. Led by consumer spending and exports, growth in 2002 was an impressive 7%, despite anemic global growth. Between 2003 and 2007, growth moderated to about 4-5% annually. A downturn in consumer spending was offset by rapid export growth. Moderate inflation, low unemployment, and an export surplus in 2007 characterize this solid economy, but inflation and unemployment are increasing in the face of rising oil prices. |
GDP (purchasing power parity):
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$1.206 trillion (2007 est.) |
GDP (official exchange rate):
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$823.8 billion (2007 est.) |
GDP - real growth rate:
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4.8% (2007 est.) |
GDP - per capita (PPP):
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$24,600 (2007 est.) |
GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 3.2% industry: 39.5% services: 57.2% (2007 est.) |
Labor force:
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24.01 million (2007 est.) |
Labor force - by occupation:
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agriculture: 8.8% industry: 18.3% services: 72.9% (2006) |
Unemployment rate:
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2.9% (2007 est.) |
Population below poverty line:
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15% (2003 est.) |
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
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lowest 10%: 2.9% highest 10%: 25% (2005 est.) |
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
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35.1 (2006) |
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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2.5% (2007 est.) |
Investment (gross fixed):
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29.4% of GDP (2007 est.) |
Budget:
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revenues: $245.1 billion expenditures: $241.1 billion (2007 est.) |
Public debt:
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23.8% of GDP (2007 est.) |
Agriculture - products:
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rice, root crops, barley, vegetables, fruit; cattle, pigs, chickens, milk, eggs; fish |
Industries:
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electronics, telecommunications, automobile production, chemicals, shipbuilding, steel |
Industrial production growth rate:
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7.6% (2007 est.) |
Electricity - production:
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376 billion kWh (2007 est.) |
Electricity - production by source:
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fossil fuel: 62.4% hydro: 0.8% nuclear: 36.6% other: 0.2% (2001) |
Electricity - consumption:
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352.5 billion kWh (2005) |
Electricity - exports:
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0 kWh (2005) |
Electricity - imports:
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0 kWh (2005) |
Oil - production:
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17,050 bbl/day (2005) |
Oil - consumption:
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2.13 million bbl/day (2006) |
Oil - exports:
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NA (2004) |
Oil - imports:
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2.41 million bbl/day (2006) |
Oil - proved reserves:
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0 bbl (1 January 2006 est.) |
Natural gas - production:
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1.66 billion cu m (2006) |
Natural gas - consumption:
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34.2 billion cu m (2006) |
Natural gas - exports:
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2,450 cu m (2006) |
Natural gas - imports:
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35.86 billion cu m (2006) |
Natural gas - proved reserves:
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0 cu m (1 January 2006 est.) |
Current account balance:
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$3.7 billion (2007 est.) |
Exports:
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$386.6 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.) |
Exports - commodities:
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semiconductors, wireless telecommunications equipment, motor vehicles, computers, steel, ships, petrochemicals |
Exports - partners:
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China 21.3%, US 13.3%, Japan 8.1%, Hong Kong 5.9% (2007) |
Imports:
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$359.5 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.) |
Imports - commodities:
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machinery, electronics and electronic equipment, oil, steel, transport equipment, organic chemicals, plastics |
Imports - partners:
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Japan 16.8%, China 15.7%, US 11%, Saudi Arabia 6.7%, UAE 4.2% (2007) |
Economic aid - donor:
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ODA, $455.3 million (2006) |
Economic aid - recipient:
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$68.07 million (2004) |
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
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$271.1 billion (31 December 2007 est.) |
Debt - external:
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$311.1 billion (30 June 2007) |
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
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$118 billion (2006) |
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
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$46.8 billion (2006) |
Market value of publicly traded shares:
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$907 billion (October 2007) |
Currency (code):
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South Korean won (KRW) |
Currency code:
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KRW |
Exchange rates:
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South Korean won per US dollar - 927 (2007), 954.8 (2006), 1,024.1 (2005), 1,145.3 (2004), 1,191.6 (2003) |
Fiscal year:
|
calendar year |
| Communications | Korea, South |
Telephones - main lines in use:
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26.866 million (2006) |
Telephones - mobile cellular:
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40.197 million (2006) |
Telephone system:
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general assessment: excellent domestic and international services domestic: NA international: country code - 82; numerous submarine cables provide links throughout Asia, Australia, the Middle East, Europe, and US; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Pacific Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean) and 3 Inmarsat (1 Pacific Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean) |
Radio broadcast stations:
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AM 61, FM 150, shortwave 2 (2005) |
Radios:
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47.5 million (2000) |
Television broadcast stations:
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43 (plus 59 cable operators and 190 relay cable operators) (2005) |
Televisions:
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15.9 million (1997) |
Internet country code:
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.kr |
Internet hosts:
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315,537 (2007) |
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
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11 (2000) |
Internet users:
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34.12 million (2006) |
| Transportation | Korea, South |
Airports:
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105 (2007) |
Airports - with paved runways:
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total: 68 over 3,047 m: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 21 1,524 to 2,437 m: 14 914 to 1,523 m: 11 under 914 m: 19 (2007) |
Airports - with unpaved runways:
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total: 37 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 34 (2007) |
Heliports:
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536 (2007) |
Pipelines:
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gas 1,482 km; refined products 827 km (2007) |
Railways:
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total: 3,472 km standard gauge: 3,472 km 1.435-m gauge (1,342 km electrified) (2006) |
Roadways:
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total: 100,279 km paved: 87,032 km (includes 3,060 km of expressways) unpaved: 13,247 km (2004) |
Waterways:
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1,608 km (most navigable only by small craft) (2007) |
Merchant marine:
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total: 738 ships (1000 GRT or over) 10,636,466 GRT/17,371,943 DWT by type: bulk carrier 187, cargo 202, carrier 1, chemical tanker 119, container 81, liquefied gas 26, passenger 5, passenger/cargo 21, petroleum tanker 57, refrigerated cargo 19, roll on/roll off 8, specialized tanker 4, vehicle carrier 8 foreign-owned: 22 (China 2, France 8, Japan 1, Sweden 2, UK 1, US 7, Vietnam 1) registered in other countries: 386 (Belize 4, Cambodia 29, China 1, Cyprus 2, Greece 2, Honduras 6, Hong Kong 6, Indonesia 1, Liberia 4, Malta 3, Marshall Islands 3, Netherlands 1, Panama 316, Russia 1, Singapore 7, unknown 4) (2007) |
Ports and terminals:
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Inch'on, P'ohang, Pusan, Ulsan |
| Military | Korea, South |
Military branches:
|
Army, Navy, Republic of Korea Air Force (Han-guk Kong Goon), Marine Corps, National Maritime Police (coast guard) (2006) |
Military service age and obligation:
|
20-30 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation - 24-28 months, depending on the military branch involved (to be reduced to 18 months beginning 2016); 18 years of age for voluntary military service; women, in service since 1950, admitted to 7 service branches, including infantry, but excluded from artillery, armor, anti-air, and chaplaincy corps; some 4,000 women serve as commissioned and noncommissioned officers, approx. 2.3% of all officers (2007) |
Manpower available for military service:
|
males age 20-49: 12,483,677 females age 20-49: 12,014,462 (2005 est.) |
Manpower fit for military service:
|
males age 20-49: 10,115,817 females age 20-49: 9,721,914 (2005 est.) |
Manpower reaching military service age annually:
|
males age 18-49: 344,943 females age 20-49: 312,720 (2005 est.) |
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
|
2.7% (2006) |
| Transnational Issues | Korea, South |
Disputes - international:
|
Military Demarcation Line within the 4-km wide Demilitarized Zone has separated North from South Korea since 1953; periodic incidents with North Korea in the Yellow Sea over the Northern Limiting Line, which South Korea claims as a maritime boundary; South Korea and Japan claim Liancourt Rocks (Tok-do/Take-shima), occupied by South Korea since 1954 |
